The online version of this article (10.1007/s1058-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. To understand the impact of future extreme events fully, the whole lake and downstream-river system need to be studied together. This study illustrates that the response of a lake to extreme weather can cause important effects downstream, the influence of which may not be evident at the lake surface. This had a substantial influence on the main outflow of Windermere, the River Leven, where dissolved oxygen concentrations decreased by ~ 48%, from 9.3 to 4.8 mg L⁻¹, while at the mid-lake monitoring station in Windermere, it decreased by only ~ 3%. Following Ophelia, there was an upwelling of cold and low-oxygenated waters at the southern-end of the lake. As a result of changes to the strength of stratification, Ophelia also changed the internal seiche regime of Windermere with the dominant seiche period increasing from ~ 17 h pre-storm to ~ 21 h post-storm. Following Ophelia, there was a short-lived mixing event in which the Schmidt stability decreased by over 100 Jm⁻² and the thermocline deepened by over 10 m during a 12-h period. We found that the substantial influence of Ophelia on meteorological conditions at Windermere, in particular wind speed, resulted in a 25-fold increase (relative to the study-period average) in the wind energy flux at the lake-air interface. We explored the influence of one particular extreme event, Storm Ophelia, on the physical and chemical environment of England’s largest lake, Windermere. Prediction of high temperatures in the future.Įxtreme weather can have a substantial influence on lakes and is expected to become more frequent with climate change. Maximum temperatures through spring may lead to improved sub-seasonal How the extratropics and tropics project onto the mechanisms that drive high Tropically forced Rossby wave teleconnections. Increased relationship with the tropical variability is linked with theīreakdown of the subtropical jet through spring and an associated change in Wind changes and more closely related to tropical variability. By late spring, Australia's maximum temperaturesĪre proportionally more related to warming through subsidence than low-level Temperatures in Australia are more closely related to low-level windĬhanges, which in turn are more related to the Southern Annular Mode than
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We find that the drivers of early spring maximum Using linear regression analysis, this paper explores the atmosphericĭynamics and remote drivers of high maximum temperatures over the individual This influence impacts Australia differently from winter to summer and,Ĭonsequently, may have different impacts on Australia as spring evolves. Is influenced by variability in the tropics and extratropics, but some of Temperatures develop in the present and warming climate. Spring maximum temperatures in Australia have been rising over recentĭecades, and it is important to understand how Australian spring maximum Wildfires but are studied relatively little compared to spring rainfall.
Impacts on a range of sectors from health to wine grapes to planning for
Extreme maximum temperatures during Australian spring can have deleterious
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